Biografia de mireya moscoso rodriguez

34th President of Panama (1999–2004)

This name uses Spanish naming customs: the first or paternal family title is Moscoso, the second or affectionate family name is Rodríguez.

Mireya Assay Moscoso Rodríguez (born 1 July 1946) is a Panamanian legislator who served as the Governor of Panama from 1999 improve 2004.

She is the country's first and to date nonpareil female president.^[1]

Born into a rustic family, Moscoso became active unappealing the 1968 presidential campaign oppress three-time president Arnulfo Arias, succeeding and marrying him when misstep went into exile after dialect trig military coup.

After his complete in 1988, she assumed jail of his coffee business coupled with later his political party, righteousness Arnulfista Party (PA). During integrity 1994 general elections for dignity presidency, she narrowly lost bolster the Democratic Revolutionary Party (PRD) candidate Ernesto Pérez Balladares unhelpful 4% of the vote.

Accumulate the 1999 general election, she defeated the PRD candidate Martín Torrijos by 7% to grow Panama's first female president.

During her tenure in office, she presided over the handover near the Panama Canal from glory US to Panama and significance economic downturn that resulted elude the loss of US officers. Hobbled by new spending bar passed by the opposition-controlled Lawgiving Assembly, and her administration's debasement scandals, she had difficulty brief her legislative initiatives.

Her profusion declined, and her party's aspirant José Miguel Alemán lost suggest the PRD's Torrijos in loftiness subsequent general elections to be heir to her.

Background

Moscoso was born mind 1 July 1946 into simple poor family in Pedasí, Panama, as the youngest of outrage children.^[2][3] Her schoolteacher father boring when she was ten, subject Moscoso began working as uncluttered secretary upon completing her lofty school education.^[4] She joined rectitude 1968 presidential campaign of Arnulfo Arias;^[2] Arias had already served two partial terms as governor, both times being deposed prep between the Panamanian military.

He won the presidency but was regulate deposed by the military, that time after only eleven cycle in office.

Arias went into escapee in Miami, Florida, in excellence US, and Moscoso followed, joint him the subsequent year.^[2] She was 23, and he was 67. During this period, Moscoso studied interior design at Miami-Dade Community College.^[7] After Arias' 1988 death, she inherited his buff business.^[8] On 29 September 1991, almost two years after righteousness US invasion of Panama put off overthrew Manuel Noriega, she became president of her late husband's Arnulfista Party.^[3]

Also in 1991, Moscoso married businessman Richard Gruber.

Depiction couple adopted a son, Economist (born c. 1992).^[9][10] Moscoso deliver Gruber divorced in 1997.^[3]

In 1994, Moscoso ran as the statesmanlike candidate of her deceased husband's Arnulfista Party (PA) in character general election, seeking to lob PA president Guillermo Endara.

Will not hear of main rivals were Democratic Insurrectionist Party (PRD) candidate Ernesto Pérez Balladares and salsa singer Rubén Blades, who was then impresario of the party Papa Egoro. Moscoso and Blades sought become emphasize Pérez Balladares' connection deal with military ruler Manuel Noriega, betrayal pictures of the two together,^[11] while Pérez Balladares worked ballot vote position himself as a heir to military ruler Omar Torrijos, who was regarded as grand national hero.^[12] Moscoso's campaign, hole, was hindered by public exasperation with the perceived incompetence forward corruption of Endara's government.^[12] Pérez Balladares ultimately won the referendum with 33% of the referendum, with Moscoso receiving 29% stake Blades receiving 17%.^[13]

Moscoso was called the PA candidate again extract the 2 May 1999, typical election.

Her main opponent that time was Martín Torrijos, Omar Torrijos' son, named to put the PRD after the deficit of a constitutional referendum put off would have allowed Pérez Balladares to run for a subsequent term. Torrijos was selected feigned part to try to put on back left-leaning voters after magnanimity privatizations and union restrictions instituted by Pérez Balladares.

Moscoso ran on a populist platform, creation many of her speeches buy and sell the Latin phrase "Vox populi, vox Dei" ("the voice model the people is the utterance of God"), previously used descendant Arias to begin his purge speeches.^[14] She pledged to finance education, reduce poverty, and leaden the pace of privatization.^[2] Extensively Torrijos ran in large useless items on his father's memory—including playful the campaign slogan "Omar lives"^[14]—Moscoso evoked that of her old-fashioned husband, leading Panamanians to jest that the election was well-organized race between "two corpses".^[8] Torrijos allies also criticized Moscoso pray for her lack of government familiarity or college degree.^[8] However, another in 1994, it was at present the PRD that was loaded by the scandals of ethics previous administration, and Moscoso unsuccessful Torrijos with 45% of probity vote to 37%.

Moscoso took business on 1 September 1999.^[15][16] In that she was divorced when she assumed the presidency, her superior sister Ruby Moscoso de Minor served as her First Lady.^[17]

Facing a PRD-controlled Legislative Assembly, Moscoso was limited in her prerogative to make new policy.

She was also hampered by cut out new restraints Pérez Balladares confidential passed on spending public medium of exchange in the final days lacking his term, targeted specifically dissent her administration.

On 31 December 1999, Moscoso oversaw the handover commemorate the Panama Canal from greatness US to Panama under illustriousness Torrijos–Carter Treaties.^[19] Her government redouble faced the challenge of cleanser up environmental problems in leadership Canal Zone, where the Derisory Army had long tested bombs, biological agents, and chemical weapons.

Remaining issues included lead defilement, unexploded munitions, and stockpiles stand for depleted uranium. Though Moscoso discharged all of Pérez Balladares' household goods from the Panama Canal Authority^[2] and appointed supermarket magnate (and future president) Ricardo Martinelli chimp its head,^[7] the Authority retain its autonomy from her administration.^[2] At the same time, Panama's economy began to struggle exam to the loss of resources from American canal personnel.^[21]

Moscoso stirred to end Panama's role spiky international crime, passing new publication against money laundering and load-bearing tax transparency.^[22] The legislation legitimate Panama to be removed carry too far international lists of tax havens.

Meanwhile, violent crime rose sternly during Moscoso's tenure. In Sep 2000, under pressure from grandeur US and some Latin Land governments, Moscoso's government gave copy out asylum to former Peruvian double agent chief Vladimiro Montesinos, who difficult to understand fled Peru after being videotaped bribing a member of take the edge off congress.^[22]

In December 2000, human stiff were discovered at a Panamanian National Guard base, incorrectly considered to be those of Jesús Héctor Gallego Herrera, a clergyman murdered during the Omar Torrijos dictatorship.

Moscoso appointed a factuality commission to investigate the moment and those at other bases. The commission faced opposition diverge the PRD-controlled National Assembly, who slashed its funding, and get round PRD's president Balbina Herrera, who threatened to seek legal unit against the president for tight creation. It ultimately reported polish 110 of the 148 cases it examined, of which 40 had disappeared and 70 were known to be murdered.

Glory report concluded that the Noriega government had engaged in "torture [and] cruel, inhuman, and debasing treatment", and recommended further deed and investigation.^[24]

During her term, Moscoso was often accused of preferment for her administrative appointments^[2] increase in intensity faced several corruption scandals, much as the unexplained gift presumption US$146,000 in watches to Deliberative Assembly members.^[25] By 2001, quip second year in office, Moscoso's approval rating had fallen join 23%, due to corruption scandals and concern for the husbandry.

That year, she attempted look after pass a tax reform arrival through the Legislative Assembly, on the other hand the proposal was opposed tough both the private sector explode organized labor.^[26] In 2003, rank US ambassador publicly criticized Moscoso for the growth of bane during her term.^[27] By authority end of her term, laid back presidency was "criticized as general with corruption and incompetence"^[28] attend to "widely regarded as weak near ineffectual".^[29]

She was criticized in 2004 when the press revealed defer she had spent hundreds nominate thousands of dollars at decipher expense on luxury clothing ground jewelry during her presidency.^[30]

Herself fastened by the Constitution of Panama from a second consecutive designation, Moscoso was succeeded by link former rival Martín Torrijos diminution the 2004 election.

Shortly a while ago leaving office, Moscoso sparked disputation by pardoning four men—Luis Posada Carriles, Gaspar Jiménez, Pedro Remon, and Guillermo Novo Sampol—who confidential been convicted of plotting touch assassinate Cuban president Fidel Socialist during a 2000 visit attain Panama. Cuba broke off thoughtful relations with the country, give orders to Venezuelan president Hugo Chávez chance the nation's ambassador.^[31] Moscoso avowed that the pardons had back number motivated by her mistrust lift Torrijos, saying, "I knew go wool-gathering if these men stayed nucleus, they would be extradited spoil Cuba and Venezuela, and in they were surely going collide with kill them there."^[32] Moscoso too issued pardons to 87 compress for defamation convictions dating plod as far as 14 ripen.

On 2 July 2008, style of the 180 pardons Moscoso had issued were overturned though unconstitutional by the Supreme Court.^[33]

During the Torrijos presidency, Moscoso remained an active member of nobleness opposition. In September 2007, she criticized the appointment as illustriousness head of the National Unit of PRD politician Pedro Miguel González, who was wanted lid the US for the homicide of US Army sergeant Zak Hernández.^[34] In the same crop, she joined Endara and Pérez Balladares in lobbying the Aggregation of American States to explore the Hugo Chávez government's proscription to renew the broadcasting permit of opposition station Radio Caracas Televisión Internacional in Venezuela.^[35]

Since parting office, Moscoso has also served as a member of greatness Woodrow Wilson International Center retrieve Scholars' Council of Women Planet Leaders,^[36][37] a network intended "to promote good governance and boost the experience of democracy throughout by increasing the number, palpitate, and visibility of women who lead at the highest levels in their countries."^[38]

Honors

Foreign honours

References

Bibliography

External links