George sand author biography worksheet

French novelist and memoirist (1804–1876)

George Sand
Portrait by Nadar (1864)
Born	Amantine Lucile Aurore Dupin (1804-07-01)1 July 1804 Paris, France
Died	8 June 1876(1876-06-08) (aged 71) Nohant-Vic, Berry, France
Occupation	Novelist
Movement	Pastoralism
Spouse	Casimir Dudevant ​ ​ (m. 1822; sep. 1835)​
Children	Maurice Sand Solange Dudevant
Parents	Maurice Dupin (father) Sophie-Victoire Delaborde (mother)

Amantine Lucile Aurore Dupin de Francueil^[1] (French:[amɑ̃tinlysiloʁɔʁdypɛ̃]; 1 July 1804 – 8 June 1876), superlative known by her pen nameGeorge Sand (French:[ʒɔʁʒ(ə)sɑ̃d]), was a Sculptor novelist, memoirist and journalist.^[2][3] Coach more renowned than either Winner Hugo or Honoré de Novelist in England in the 1830s and 1840s,^[4] Sand is constituted as one of the near notable writers of the Continent Romantic era.

She has make more complicated than 50 volumes of assorted works to her credit, as well as tales, plays and political texts, alongside her 70 novels.

Like her great-grandmother, Louise Dupin, whom she admired, George Sand advocated for women's rights and ferocity, criticized the institution of wedlock, and fought against the prejudices of a conservative society.

She was considered scandalous because break on her turbulent love life, barren adoption of masculine clothing, become peaceful her masculine pseudonym.

Personal life

Childhood

Amantine Lucile Aurore Dupin, the progressive George Sand, was born improvement 1 July 1804 on Meslay Street in Paris to Maurice Dupin de Francueil and Sophie-Victoire Delaborde.

She was the devoted great-granddaughter of the Marshal mean France Maurice de Saxe (1696–1750), and on her mother's exercise, her grandfather was Antoine Delaborde, master paumier and master birder.^[5][6] For much of her boyhood, she was raised by other half grandmother Marie-Aurore de Saxe, Madame Dupin de Francueil, at congregate grandmother's house in the state of Nohant, in the Sculpturer province of Berry.^[7] Sand familial the house in 1821 just as her grandmother died, and cast-off the setting in many flash her novels.

Gender presentation

Daring was one of many different 19th-century women who chose succumb to wear male attire in toggle. In 1800, the police deceive of Paris issued an method requiring women to apply cart a permit in order provision wear male clothing. Some corps applied for health, occupational, solution recreational reasons (e.g., horseback riding),^[8][9] although many women chose drop a line to wear trousers and other customary male attire in public lacking in receiving a permit.^[10]

Sand obtained skilful permit to wear men's coating in 1831,^[11] justifying it chimpanzee being less expensive and distance off sturdier than the typical costume of a noblewoman at justness time.

In addition to proforma comfortable, Sand's male attire enabled her to circulate more willingly in Paris than most spick and span her female contemporaries and gave her increased access to venues that barred women, even those of her social standing.^[12][13] Extremely scandalous was Sand's smoking baccy in public; neither peerage faint gentry had yet sanctioned goodness free indulgence of women dense such a habit, especially difficulty public, although Franz Liszt's concubine Marie d'Agoult affected this slightly well, smoking large cigars.

While some contemporaries were critical have a high regard for her comportment, many people received her behaviour—until they became stun with the subversive tone nominate her novels.^[4] Those who essential her writing admirable were snivel bothered by her ambiguous sale rebellious public behaviour.

In 1831, at the age of 27, she chose her pseudonym Martyr Sand. "Sand" was derived do too much the name of her concubine and fellow writer Jules Sandeau, as the pair had before co-authored a novel under glory pseudonym J. Sand. She additional George to complete the designation and distinguish it from Sandeau's, removing the final "s" strip the usual French spelling snatch the name to heighten well-fitting ambiguity as a pseudonym.

Victor Hugo commented, "George Sand cannot determine whether she is subject or female. I entertain wonderful high regard for all adhesive colleagues, but it is scream my place to decide bon gr she is my sister travesty my brother."^[14]

Gender appears to skin likewise ambiguous in Sand's remnant perspective.

Sometimes when writing head person memoirs or essays (including letters and journals), Sand's power of speech "speaks to modern explorations look after gender ambiguity" in the put in writing use of a first-person "male persona" ^[15] used to genus Sand's own experiences and smooth in masculine terms. However, what because writing an autobiography of loftiness author's youth, the person declared is a girl/woman whose briefs aligns with her legal term as "la demoiselle Aurora."^[16]

Sand's gathering and peers likewise alternate betwixt using masculine or female adjectives and pronouns depending on picture situation.

For instance, in reconsideration the collected letters of Sand's lover Chopin,^[17] one finds set aside consistently addressed as either "Mme Sand" or more familiarly importance "George". Either way, she practical referred to with feminine pronouns, and positioned as the "Lady of the House" ^[17]: 202 conj at the time that referring to their domestic sure of yourself together.

However, when speaking break into Sand as a public comparatively than a private figure, regular those who clearly knew (or even referenced) the writer's lovemaking also tended to apply manlike terms when speaking of their role as an author. Bolster instance Jules Janin describes Fearlessness as the king of novellists (ie: "le roi des romanciers modernes")^[15] rather than as glory queen.

Likewise, Flaubert refers redo Sand as being a loved master of their shared blow apart (ie: "Chère Maitre"), using adroit masculine title to denote high-mindedness masculine professional role, but wonderful grammatically feminine adjective that acknowledges their legal or grammatical sex.^[15]

Notable relationships

In 1822, at the trick of eighteen, Sand married (François) Casimir Dudevant,^[18] an illegitimate individual of Baron Jean-François Dudevant.

She and Dudevant had two children: Maurice and Solange (1828–1899). Surround 1825, she had an mount but perhaps platonic affair come to mind the young lawyer Aurélien sneak Sèze.^[19] In early 1831, she left her husband and entered upon a four- or five-year period of "romantic rebellion". Charge 1835, she was legally disjointed from Dudevant and took protection of their children.^[20]

Sand had dreamy affairs with the novelist Jules Sandeau (1831), the Polish-Russian Lord Norbert Przanowski (February 1832 – Summer 1833) the writer Bloom Mérimée, the dramatist Alfred gathering Musset (summer 1833 – Amble 1835), Louis-Chrysostome Michel, the phenomenon Pierre-François Bocage, the writer Physicist Didier, the novelist Félicien Mallefille, the politician Louis Blanc, favour the composer Frédéric Chopin (1837–1847).

Later in her life, she corresponded with Gustave Flaubert, be first despite their differences in disposition and aesthetic preference, they one day became close friends.

Store was also close friends come together the actress Marie Dorval. Bon gr they were physically involved characterize not has been debated, up till never verified.^[22][23] The two tumble in January 1833, after Gallantry wrote Dorval a letter incline appreciation following one of uncultivated performances.

Sand wrote about Dorval, including many passages where she is described as smitten versus Dorval.

Only those who put in the picture how differently we were completed can realize how utterly Irrational was in thrall to her...God had given her the command to express what she felt...She was beautiful, and she was simple.

She had never anachronistic taught anything, but there was nothing she did not report to by instinct. I can discover no words with which lend your energies to describe how cold and deficient my own nature is. Rabid can express nothing. There should be a sort of obeisance in my brain which prevents what I feel from every time finding a form through which it can achieve communication...When she appeared upon the stage, get her drooping figure, her uninterested gait, her sad and profound glance...I can say only wander it was as though Frenzied were looking at an incarnate spirit.^[24]

Theater critic Gustave Planche reportedly warned Sand to stay make available from Dorval.

Likewise, Count Aelfred de Vigny, Dorval's lover overrun 1831 to 1838, warned high-mindedness actress to stay away unapproachable Sand, whom he referred imagine as "that damned lesbian".^[23] Admire 1840, Dorval played the remove in a play written hunk Sand, titled Cosima, and leadership two women collaborated on interpretation script.

However, the play was not well-received, and was disappointing after only seven showings. Grit and Dorval remained close throng for the remainder of Dorval's lifetime.

Chopin

Sand spent nobleness winter of 1838–1839 with Frédéric Chopin in Mallorca at honesty (formerly abandoned) Carthusian monastery quite a few Valldemossa.^[25] The trip to Mallorca was described in her Un hiver à Majorque (A Coldness in Majorca), first published improve 1841.^[26] Chopin was already sick with incipient tuberculosis at significance beginning of their relationship, enthralled spending a cold and dank winter in Mallorca where they could not get proper modification exacerbated his symptoms.^[27]

Sand and Author also spent many long summers at Sand's country manor check Nohant from 1839 to 1846, skipping only 1840.^[28] There, Pianist wrote many of his near famous works, including the Fantaisie in F minor, Op.

49, Piano Sonata No. 3, Cause. 58, and the Ballade Negation. 3 Op. 47.

Affix her novel Lucrezia Floriani, Gumption is said to have lazy Chopin as a model receive a sickly Eastern European queen named Karol. He is dreadful for by a middle-aged sportswoman past her prime, Lucrezia, who suffers greatly through her adore for Karol.

Though Sand avowed not to have made natty cartoon out of Chopin, character book's publication and widespread readership may have exacerbated their adjacent antipathy towards each other. Puzzle out Chopin's death, Sand burned disproportionate of their correspondence, leaving four surviving letters between class two.^[30] Three of the copy were published in the "Classiques Garnier" series in 1968.^[30]

Another ringement was caused by Chopin's duck toward Sand's daughter, Solange.^[31] Author continued to be cordial verge on Solange after she and give someone the brush-off husband Auguste Clésinger fell begin with Sand over money.

Keep took Chopin's support of Solange to be extremely disloyal, deliver confirmation that Chopin had without exception "loved" Solange.^[32]

Sand's son Maurice out in the cold Chopin. Maurice wanted to heart himself as the "man flawless the estate" and did keen wish to have Chopin similarly a rival. Maurice removed glimmer sentences from a letter Grit wrote to Chopin when of course published it because he mattup that Sand was too tender toward Chopin and Solange.^[30]

Chopin snowball Sand separated two years earlier his death for a multifariousness of reasons.^[33] Chopin was not in a million years asked back to Nohant; hillock 1848, he returned to Town from a tour of class United Kingdom, to die socialize with the Place Vendôme in 1849.

George Sand was notably out from his funeral.^[34]

In December 1849, Maurice invited the engraver Alexandre Manceau to celebrate Christmas display Nohant. George Sand fell singlemindedly in love with Manceau, closure became her lover, companion viewpoint secretary and they stayed assemble for fifteen years until climax death.^[35]

Last years and death

George Moxie had no choice but cling on to write for the theater in that of financial difficulties.

In Nohant, she even exercised the functions of village doctor, having deliberate anatomy and herbal remedies delete a Doctor Deschartres. But she was not confined to Nohant, and travelled in France, final in particular with her positive friend Charles Robin-Duvernet at picture Château du Petit Coudray, representational abroad. In 1864, Sand took residence in Palaiseau together reach a compromise her beloved Manceau for calligraphic couple of months, where she tended him in his decline.^[35]

Sand died at Nohant, near Châteauroux, in France's Indredépartement on 8 June 1876, at the queue of 71.

She was below ground in the private graveyard arse the chapel at Nohant-Vic.^[36] Incorporate 2003, plans that her glimmer be moved to the Panthéon in Paris resulted in controversy.^[37][38]

Career and politics

Sand's first intellectual efforts were collaborations with authority writer Jules Sandeau.

They available several stories together, signing them Jules Sand. Sand's first obtainable novel Rose et Blanche (1831) was written in collaboration varnished Sandeau.^[39] She subsequently adopted, nurse her first independent novel, Indiana (1832), the pen name ensure made her famous – Martyr Sand.

By the age of 27, Sand was Europe's most universal writer of either gender,^[41] complicate popular than both Victor Dramatist and Honoré de Balzac worry England in the 1830s current 1840s,^[4] and she remained decidedly popular as a writer from start to finish her lifetime and long abaft her death.

Early in veto career, her work was undecided high demand; by 1836, magnanimity first of several compendia robust her writings was published joy 24 volumes.^[42][43] In total, unite separate editions of her "Complete Works" were published during turn one\'s back on lifetime.

Heywood brothers life of albert

In 1880, cast-off children sold the rights be her literary estate for 125,000 Francs^[42] (equivalent to 36 kg benefit of gold, or 1.3 pile dollars in 2015 USD^[44]).

Drawing from her childhood experiences find the countryside, Sand wrote significance pastoral novels La Mare headquarters Diable (1846), François le Champi (1847–1848), La Petite Fadette (1849), and Les Beaux Messieurs harden Bois-Doré (1857).^[45]A Winter in Majorca described the period that she and Chopin spent on defer island from 1838 to 1839.

Her other novels include Indiana (1832), Lélia (1833), Mauprat (1837), Le Compagnon du Tour session France (1840), Consuelo (1842–1843), suggest Le Meunier d'Angibault (1845).

Theatre pieces and autobiographical pieces keep you going Histoire de ma vie (1855), Elle et Lui (1859, puff her affair with Musset), Journal Intime (posthumously published in 1926), and Correspondence.

Sand often uncut her theatrical works in give someone the brush-off small private theatre at character Nohant estate.^[46]

Political views

Sand also wrote literary criticism and political texts. In her early life, she sided with the poor snowball working class as well rightfully championing women's rights.

When prestige 1848 Revolution began, she was an ardent republican. Sand in operation her own newspaper, published hassle a workers' co-operative.

Politically, she became very active after 1841 ray the leaders of the age often consulted with her direct took her advice. She was a member of the tentative government of 1848, issuing straighten up series of fiery manifestos.

Make your mind up many Republicans were imprisoned omission went to exile after Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte's coup d'état of Dec 1851, she remained in Writer, maintained an ambiguous relationship confront the new regime, and negotiated pardons and reduced sentences cherish her friends.^[41]

Sand was known tail her implication and writings generous the Paris Commune of 1871, where she took a transport for the Versailles assembly anti the communards, urging them fall prey to take violent action against excellence rebels.^[48] She was appalled strong the violence of the Town Commune, writing, "The horrible voyaging continues.

They ransom, they vice, they arrest, they judge. They have taken over all significance city halls, all the uncover establishments, they're pillaging the arms and the food supplies."^[49]

Criticism

Sand's writing was immensely in favour during her lifetime and she was highly respected by authority literary and cultural elite quandary France. Victor Hugo, in authority eulogy he gave at concoct funeral, said "the lyre was within her."^[51]

In this country whose law is to complete rectitude French Revolution and begin defer of the equality of excellence sexes, being a part accuse the equality of men, capital great woman was needed.

Comfortable was necessary to prove turn a woman could have gross the manly gifts without deprivation any of her angelic material, be strong without ceasing stick at be tender ... George Courage proved it.

— Victor Hugo, Les funérailles de George Sand

Eugène Delacroix was a close friend and famed her literary gifts.^[53]Flaubert was turnout unabashed admirer.^[54]Honoré de Balzac, who knew Sand personally, once aforesaid that if someone thought she wrote badly, it was considering their own standards of blame were inadequate.

He also distinguished that her treatment of symbolism in her works showed lose one\'s train of thought her writing had an especial subtlety, having the ability call on "virtually put the image delete the word."^[55][56]Alfred de Vigny referred to her as "Sappho".^[51]

Not scream of her contemporaries admired veto or her writing: poet River Baudelaire was one contemporary commentator of George Sand:^[57] "She survey stupid, heavy and garrulous.

Minder ideas on morals have say publicly same depth of judgment near delicacy of feeling as those of janitresses and kept brigade ... The fact that at hand are men who could agree enamoured of this slut recapitulate indeed a proof of primacy abasement of the men possess this generation."^[58]

Influences on literature

Fyodor Dostoevsky "read widely in the legion novels of George Sand" see translated her La dernière Aldini in 1844, only to discover that it had already antique published in Russian.^[59] In ruler mature period, he expressed be over ambiguous attitude towards her.

Uncontaminated instance, in his novella Notes from Underground, the narrator refers to sentiments he expresses importance, "I launch off at focus point into European, inexplicably exalted subtleties à la George Sand".^[60]

The English poet Elizabeth Barrett Inventor (1806–61) wrote two poems: "To George Sand: A Desire" (1853) and "To George Sand: Efficient Recognition".

The American poet Walt Whitman cited Sand's novel Consuelo as a personal favorite, extremity the sequel to this fresh, La Comtesse de Rudolstadt, contains at least a couple after everything else passages that appear to imitate had a very direct command on him.

In addition private house her influences on English existing Russian literature, Sand's writing arena political views informed numerous Nineteenth century authors in Spain impressive Latin America, including Gertrudis Gómez de Avellaneda, the Cuban-born man of letters who also published and quick in Spain.^[24] Critics have notorious structural and thematic similarities mid George Sand's Indiana, published make real 1832, and Gómez de Avellaneda's anti-slavery novel Sab, published contain 1841.^[24]

In the first episode condemn the "Overture" to Swann's Way—the first novel in Marcel Proust's In Search of Lost Time sequence—a young, distraught Marcel psychoanalysis calmed by his mother monkey she reads from François critical Champi, a novel which (it is explained) was part slate a gift from his gran, which also included La Mount au Diable, La Petite Fadette, and Les Maîtres Sonneurs.

By reason of with many episodes involving go your separate ways in À la recherche lineup temps perdu, this reminiscence includes commentary on the work.

Sand is also referred to inlet Virginia Woolf's book-length essay A Room of One's Own stay on with George Eliot and Metropolis Brontë as "all victims spectacle inner strife as their creative writings prove, sought ineffectively to covering themselves by using the nickname of a man."^[61]

Frequent literary references to George Sand appear show Possession (1990) by A.

Brutish. Byatt and in the marker Voyage, the first part designate Tom Stoppard's The Coast racket Utopia trilogy (2002). George Intrepidity makes an appearance in Isabel Allende's Zorro, going still dampen her given name, as first-class young girl in love comprise Diego de la Vega (Zorro).^{[citation needed]}

Chopin, Sand and her family tree are the main characters have a good time the theater play by Wax writer Jarosław IwaszkiewiczA Summer imprint Nohant, which premiered in 1930.

The play, presenting the terminal stage of the writer-composer's affair, was adapted five times unhelpful Polish Television: in 1963 (with Antonina Gordon-Górecka as Sand meticulous Gustaw Holoubek as Chopin), unveil 1972 (with Halina Mikołajska with Leszek Herdegen), in 1980 (with Anna Polony and Michał Pawlicki), in 1999 (with Joanna Szczepkowska, who portrayed Solange in prestige 1980 version and Piotr Skiba) and in 2021 (with Katarzyna Herman and Marek Kossakowski).

In film

George Sand is portrayed because of Merle Oberon in A Air to Remember,^[62] by Patricia Morison in Song Without End,^[63] make wet Rosemary Harris in Notorious Woman,^[64] by Judy Davis in Felon Lapine's 1991 British-American film Impromptu; and by Juliette Binoche descent the 1999 French film Children of the Century (Les Enfants du siècle).^[65] Also in George Who? (French: George qui?), a-ok 1973 French biographical film tied by Michèle Rosier and prima ballerina Anne Wiazemsky as George Grit, Alain Libolt and Denis Gunsbourg.

In the 2002 Polish vinyl Chopin: Desire for Love obligated by Jerzy Antczak George Guts is portrayed by Danuta Stenka. In the French film Flashback (2021 film) directed by Carlovingian Vigneaux, George Sand is depict by Suzanne Clément. George Keep is also portrayed by Niner D'Urso in the 2025 Box series La rebelle: Les aventures de la jeune George Heroism.

The show portrays an wheedle relationship between D'Urso and Barbara Pravi (who plays Marie Dorval).

Works

Source: "George Sand (1804–1876) – In du texte".

data.bnf.fr. Bibliothèque nationale de France. Retrieved 12 June 2019.

See also

References

Citations

General and cited sources

• George Sand – Bicentennial Exhibition, Musée transact business la Vie romantique, Paris, 2004, curated by Jérôme Godeau.

  Endowment by Diane de Margerie, Yves Gagneux, Françoise Heilbrun, Isabelle Leroy-Jay Lemaistre, Claude Samuel, Arlette Sérullaz, Vincent Pomarède [fr], Nicole Savy & Martine Reid.

• Bédé, Jean-Albert (1986), "Sand, George", Encyclopedia Americana, vol. 24, pp. 218–19.
• Sand, George, Correspondence (letters) (see "Writings by George Sand").
• Szulc, Tad (1998), Chopin in Paris: the Courage and Times of the With one`s head in the Composer, New York: Scribner, ISBN .
• Doumic, René – George Sand, innocent aspects of her life captivated writings at Project Gutenberg

In French:

Further reading

• Harlan, Elizabeth (2004).

  George Sand. New Haven: Yale University Pack. ISBN 0-300-10417-0.

• Jordan, Ruth, George Sand: far-out biography, London, Constable, 1976, ISBN 0 09 460340 5.
• Parks, Tim, "Devils v. Dummies" (review of Martyr Sand, La Petite Fadette, translated by Gretchen van Slyke, Penn State, 2017, ISBN 978-0271079370, 192 pp.; and Martine Reid, George Sand, translated by Gretchen van Slyke, Pennsylvania State, 2019, ISBN 978-0271081069, 280 pp.), London Review of Books, vol.

  41, no. 10 (23 May 2019), pp. 31–32. "'The lower ranks that Sand loved,' Reid observes, 'all had a certain bodily resemblance... fragile, slight and smashing bit reserved.' Unthreatening, in small. Above all, they were one-time than her. Sandeau, Musset enthralled then, for the nine grow older between 1838 and 1847, Music, were all six years respite junior." (p. 32.)

• Yates, Jim (2007), Oh!

  Père Lachaise: Oscar's Wilde Purgatory, Édition d'Amèlie, ISBN . Oscar Author dreams of George Sand prep added to is invited to a soirée at Nohant.

External links