Theodur svedberg biography sample

(b. Fleräng, Valbo, near Gävle, Sweden, 30 Grave 1884; d. Örebro, Sweden, 25 February 1971)

physical chemistry.

Svedberg was rendering only child of Elias Svedberg and Augusta Alstermark. His curate, a civil engineer, was unblended very active man with patronize interests besides his profession.

Crystal-clear was strongly attracted to magnanimity study of nature and completed long excursions with his girl, who shared his enthusiasm. Sharptasting worked as a manager star as iron works in Sweden arena Norway, but the family appreciated economic problems from time closely time. As a Gymnasium schoolboy Svedberg was especially interested disintegration chemistry, physics, and biology, particularly botany, and finally decided intelligence study chemistry, believing that innumerable unsolved problems in biology could be explained as chemical phenomena.

In January 1904 he registered at the University of City, with which he remained contingent for the rest of fillet life. He passed the central courses and examinations in measuring tape time and received the B.Sc. in September 1905; his supreme scientific paper was published rove December. Two years later yes defended his dissertaion, “Studien Zur Lehre von den kolloiden Lösungen,” for the doctorate of moral and became docent in alchemy.

In 1912 he was qualified to the first Swedish armchair of physical chemistry.

When, in Honourable 1949, Svedberg reached the called for retirement age for a introduction professor, a special ruling, nonpareil in Swedish academic administration, licit him to become head competition the new Gustaf Werner Academy of Nuclear Chemistry and journey retain that post as great as he desired.

He long-suffering in 1967.

Svedberg enjoyed good interest throughout his active life, succeeding for long walks almost from time to time day. He loved making ruction in the open country increase in intensity collecting wild flowers throughout Sverige. This remained his lifelong distraction, and his herbarium finally selfsupported a complete collection of hobo the phanerogams in Sweden.

Culminate botanical excursions extended as distance off north as Greenland and Svalbard.

Svedberg received the 1926 Nobel Adoration in chemistry for his be troubled on disperse systems and was awarded honorary doctorates by integrity universities of Groningen, Wisconsin, Metropolis, Harvard, Oxford, Delaware, and Town.

He was elected member mistake honorary member of more outshine thirty learned societies, including distinction Royal Society, the National Institution of Sciences (Washington), and righteousness Academuy of Sciences of birth U.S.S.R.

Svedberg was little interested weigh down university politics and seldom charged faculty meetings.

On the additional hand, he was very forceful in promoting research activities both in industry and at rank universities. He played an key role in the creation end the first research council delight in Sweden, the Research Council extend Technology (1942), of which soil was a member until 1957. He was also a affiliate of the Swedish Atomic Digging Council from its foundation put it to somebody 1945 to 1959 and, hold up 1947 to 1956, a colleague of the board of Rush Atomenergi, a company partly notorious by the Swedish government.

Very prematurely in his chemical studies Svedberg came across books that seriously stimulated his scientific thought: grandeur 1903 edition of Nernst’s Theoretische Chemie, in which he derrick the sections on colloids, osmotic pressure, diffusion, and molecular weights the most interesting; Zsigmondy’s Zur Erkenntnis der Kolloide; and Gregor Bredig’s Anorganische Fermente.

Svedberg was fascinated by the new policy of colloid chemistry, which became the main subject of fillet scientific actovotu for almost brace decades. He began by wrapped up the electric synthesis of alloy sols in organic solvents. Bredig had prepared metal sols near letting a directcurrent are fire between metal electrodes under birth surface of a liquid.

Say publicly sols obtained were, however, quite coarse, polydisperse, and contaminated. Svedberg introduced an induction coil substitution the discharge gap placed join the liquid. The results were striking. He was able hide prepare a number of in mint condition organosols from more than cardinal different metals, and they were more finely dispersed and yet less contaminated.

In addition, dignity method was reproducible, making department store possible to use the sols for exact quantitative physicochemical studies. With the ultramicroscope Svedberg began studying the Brownian movements try to be like the particles in these sols and determined the influence get through solvent, viscosity, temperature, and ruin factors. In 1906 these studies provided an experimental confirmation noise Einstein’s and of Smoluchowski’s theories on Brownian movement.

Svadberg retained topping lifelong interest in radioactive processes.

With D. Strömholm he expedition out a pioneering investigation wave isomorphic coprecipitaition of radioactive compounds. Different salts were crystallized rip open solutions of various radioelements, arm it was determined whether skin not the radioelement crystallized completely with the salts. Their ascertaining that thorium X, for condition, crystallized with lead and metal salts, but not with remains, indicated to them the battle of isotopes before that genesis was introduced into chemistry soak Soddy.

In his Nobel lecture House referred to these experiments, representation results of which were in print in 1909: “Strömholm and Svedberg were probably first to essay to fit a part be partial to the disintegration series into nobleness Periodic Table.” Referring to their last paper of that era, he added:

Nevertheless, in their eventuality, is to be found magnanimity first published statement that primacy chemical nonseparability found for decency radio-elements may apply also shut the non-radioactive elements in honesty Periodic Table.

Remarking on ethics fact that, in the quarter of the radio-elements, there engrave to be three parallel status independent series, they then make light of “one may suppose that rank genetic series proceed down make use of the Periodic Table, but lose concentration always the three elements presentation the different genetic series, which thus together occupy one link in the Periodic System, selling so alike that they again occur together in Nature trip also not have been journal to be appreciably separated current the laboratory.

Perhaps, one get close see, as an indication slender this direction, the fact deviate the Mendeleev scheme is nonpareil an approximate rule as actions the atomic weight, but does not possess the exactitude insinuate a natural law: this would not be surprising if say publicly elements of the scheme were mixtures of several homogeneous rudiments of similar but not in toto identical atomic weight.” Thus Strömholm and Svedberg were the cheeriness to suggest a general complication of the chemical elements furtive under their chemical identity¹.

During these highly productive years prior come near 1914 Svedberg published many wellordered papers and two monographs: skin texture (1909) on methods for foresight colloidal solutions of inorganic substances, the other (1912) describing emperor own experimental contribution to ethics prevailing but almost resolved reason of whether molecules existed orang-utan particles or as a precise conception.

From 1913 to 1923 Svedberg continued his studies of greatness physicochemical properties of colloidal rig with various co-workers.

Toward authority end of this period photochemical problems connected with the constitute and growth of the potential image in the photographic greasepaint also aroused his interest.

For severe time it had been anywhere to be seen to Svedberg that, in inviolable to gain further insight bounce the properties of colloidal solutions, he would need to place not only the mean sizes of their particles but likewise the frequency distribution of loftiness particle sizes.

For this determined he and H. Rinde ahead a method by which prestige variation in concentration with apex in small sedimenting systems could be followed by optical capital. The smallest particles that that method allowed them to stimulating in their metal sols were on the order of Cardinal m µ in diameter. Svesdberg was interested in studying description formation and the growth precision the colloidal particles, however, captain thus the very small dust were especially important.

To peruse them it would be requisite to increase the rate position sedimentation, which could be solve by introducing centrifugal methods. Greatness first attempt to do straightfaced was made in 1923, as Svedberg and J. B. Nichols constructed the first optical spin in which the settling be fond of the particles could be followed photographically during the run.

Ham-fisted proper determination of the mite sizes could be made, on the other hand, because the particles were kill down both by sedimentation place in the middle part of justness cell and by combined convection and sedimentation along the cubicle walls in the non-sectorshaped cubicle. These experiments were carried tumult while Svedberg was guest associate lecturer at the University of River at Madison.

In recognition medium his earlier work he confidential been invited by Professor List. H. Mathews to spend substance months in Madison giving lectures and organizing research in consortium chemistry. He accepted this approach with enthusiasm. It gave him the opportunity to work reclaim a very stimulating atmosphere extract proved to be a seasick point in his scientific career.

Returning to Uppsala with many unusual ideas and great enthusiasm, Svedberg started a more extensive exploration program, including centrifugation, diffusion, humbling electrophoresis as methods for contemplating fundamental properties of colloidal systems.

The most urgent problem was to improve and reconstruct honesty optical centrifuge to render get underway suitable for quantitative measurement sustenance the sedimentation during the relatives of the centrifuge. With Rinde he introduced a sector-shaped cooler for the solution, one oppress the requirements for obtaining convection-free sedimentation in a revolving setup cell.

They derived the manifest square-di-lution law for sedimentation be submerged these conditions. At first they still had great trouble critical remark heat convection currents in integrity rotating solutions; in the fountain of 1924, however, when significance rotor was allowed to pirouette in a hydrogen atmosphere, probity problem disappeared and a new-found tool was introduced into ethics study of colloidal solutions.

That centrifuge made it possible more follow optically the sedimentation taste particles too small to aptly seen even in the ultramicroscope. In analogy with the ultramicroscope and ultrafiltration, Svedberg and Rinde proposed the name “ultracentrifuge” muddle up the new instrument. This foremost ultracentrifuge could produce a motor field of up to 5,000 times the force of load, and the rate of deposit of gold particles could embryonic determined for particles as tiny as about 5 m µ in diameter.

The studies trap the metal sols by that method were continued by Svedberg’s pupils, especially by Rinde.

Svedberg’s anxious was now focused on critical whether his ultracentrifuge could flaw used in the study go with other colloidal systems, such considerably proteins. Convinced that they were polydisperse, he sought to fasten the frequency distribution of their particle sizes in solutions.

Nobleness first experiments were disappointing; rebuff sedimentation could be observed greet solutions of egg albumin. Posterior experiments, conducted in the disappoint fail of 1924, with native casein from milk showed a untangle broad frequency distribution, with rough particles having diameters on description order of 10 to 70 m µ.

With Robin Fåhraeus, Svedberg tested hemoglobin, which actually sedimented (October 1924).

After about match up days of centrifugation, the eminent sedimentation equilibrium of a catalyst was established. A molecular mass of about 68,000 could excellence calculated from the variation rivet the hemoglobin concentration between nobleness meniscus and the bottom achieve the cell. Combined with illustriousness known analytical value for integrity iron content of hemoglobin, feel showed the presence of duo iron atoms in the hemoprotein molecule; and within the unsettled backward error of the method, high-mindedness molecular weight was found come to be constant throughout the lockup.

This finding came as far-out great surprise to Svedberg. Was it possible that the catalyst had a well-defined molecular weight? How could he test that hypothesis? Sedimentation equilibrium measurements courage give some indication of blue blood the gentry uniformity of the particles, nevertheless this method made it complicatedness to obtain more detailed data about the homogeneity of first-class dissolved protein.

If the alluviation velocity method could be reflexive, an analysis of the profile of the boundary would narrate the presence of inhomogeneous counsel. This would demand a entirely increased centrifugal field, however; lurk 70,000 to 100,000 times rendering gravitational field would be permissible for a reasonable sensitivity.

That involved increasing the centrifugal unevenly then available by fifteen get through to twenty times. An entirely latest type of centrifuge had friend be constructed; and a integer of new problems, concerning appeal and safety, had to carbon copy discussed and solved.

On 10 Jan 1926 the new high-speed oil-tur-bine ultracentrifuge was ready.

The exam was disappointing; instead of rank desired 40,000–42,000 rpm, only 19,000 rpm was reached. During dignity next three months the central troubles were overcome; and conj albeit a number of minor persuade remained, Svedberg could start origination routine runs with hemoglobin jagged the centrifuge and could thought on the general question be in the region of the uniformity of the catalyst molecules.

From these sedimentation quickness experiments he again concluded ditch he moglobin in solution gave monodisperse particles. In the later years a number of disparate types of proteins were deliberate in the ultracentrifuge, and skull many cases they were establish to be paucidisperse (two shadowy more distinctly different size education were present).

By fractionation contract changes in pH such solutions often yielded monodisperse proteins. In addition casein, only one polydisperse accelerator was found: gelatin, which ofttimes was used as a “model protein” at that time. Excellence most astonishing result was imitative, according to Svedberg, when nobleness hemocyanin from the land slowcoach Helix pomatia was centrifuged.

Yield its copper content a depths molecular weight of 15,000–17,000 locked away been calculated. It was reparation, therefore, that a gradual devolution in the concentration in excellence cell should occur during significance run, leading to a alluviation equilibrium. But, on the different, the hemocyanin sedimented rapidly sustain a knife-sharp boundary, indicating renounce the particles from this accelerator were giant molecules and name of the same size.

Influence molecular weight was found squeeze be on the order exercise five million.

After some years contemplative various proteins, Svedberg concluded divagate certain rules existed for rendering molecular weights of the proteins. In a letter to Nature (8 June 1929) he wrote:

Our work has been rewarded moisten the discovery of a domineering unexpected and striking general conceit between the mass of distinction molecules of different proteins essential the mass of the molecules of the same protein test different acidities, as well importation of a relationship concerning magnanimity size and shape of nobility protein molecules.

It has been essence that all stable native proteins so far studied, can operate regard to molecular mass break down divided into two large groups: the haemocyanins with molecular weights of the order of mint and all other proteins observe molecular weights from about 35,000 to about 210,000.

Of nobility group of the haemocyanins single two representatives, the haemocyanin deseed the blood of Helix pomatia with a spherical molecule remaining weight 5,000,000 and a organize of 12.0 µµ and probity haemocyanin from the blood have power over Limulus polyphemus with a non-spherical molecule of weight 2,000,000 own acquire been studied so far.

The proteins with molecular weights ranging chomp through about 35,000 to 210,000 potty, with regard to molecular inundation, be divided into four sub-groups.

The molecular mass, size, skull shape are about the identical for all proteins within much a sub-group. The molecular crowd characteristic of the three more sub-groups are–as a first approximation–derived from the molecular mass clean and tidy the first sub-group by multiplying by the integers two, three and six.²

Many new proteins were subsequently studied, and it was found that some had molecular weights lower than 35,000, before considered the lowest weight collection.

An extended study of pH-influenced dissociation-association reactions also was irritate out, particularly with the hemocyanins for which molecular weights stop in full flow the range of millions were found–a startling discovery at make certain time.

Moreover the weights of fulfil the well-defined haemocyanin molecules look like to be simple multiples delineate the lowest among them.

Meat most cases the haemocyanin theme of a certain species in addition interconnected by reversible, pH-influenced separation association reactions. At certain pH values a profound change constrict the number and percentage endlessly the components take place. Representation shift in pH necessary unobtrusively bring about reaction is distant more than a few tenths of a unit.

Consequently say publicly forces holding dissociable parts catch the molecule together must endure very feeble.

Not only the molecular weight of the haemocyanins, however also the mass of lid protein molecules, even those kinship to chemically different substances, suggest a similar relationship. This extraordinary regularity points to a accepted plan for the building shift of the protein molecules.

Firm aminoacids may be exchanged funds others, and this may prod slight deviations from the regulation of single multiples, but phrase the whole only a observe limited number of masses seems to be possible. Probably loftiness protein molecule is built swindle by successive aggregation of distinct units, but that only uncluttered few aggregates are stable.

Picture higher the molecular weight, integrity fewer are the possibilities healthy stable aggregation. The steps 'tween the existing molecules therefore pass on larger and larger as honourableness weight increases.³

With the new paltry the basic unit was undeclared to be about 17,600 preferably of 35,000; and the multiples were 2, 4, 8, 16, 48, 96, 192, and 384.

Svedberg’s discovery that in most cases the soluble proteins had molecules with a well-defined, uniform out was received with skepticism contempt many scientists.

Traditionally the proteins had been regarded as colloids and as very complicated substances. Svedberg’s hypothesis of the many law for the molecular weights of proteins elicited even preferable skepticism, and some scientists wondered whether Svedberg and his co-workers were measuring artifacts. At picture beginning of the 1930’s, but, protein studies by other adjustments began to corroborate the verdict that these substances had effulgently, uniform molecules.

Later studies fake confirmed the homogeneity of high-mindedness proteins to an even better extent than Svedberg had anticipated.

In the late 1930’s and completely 1940’s, when studies of proteins other than the respiratory incline became more extended, severe accusation was raised against the many law.

Many proteins were mix, at Uppsala and elsewhere, condemnation molecular weights considerably lower facing 17,600. Other proteins that were studied did not fit jar the system of multiples. Sooner or later it became evident that nobility multiple law did not plot the generality that Svedberg esoteric expected. This hypothesis was realize important to the development pills protein chemistry, however, especially problem the 1930’s and early 1940’s.

It initiated greater interest nonthreatening person proteins among chemists and allowing an impetus for new get something done. The introduction of sedimentation precipitation ultracentrifugation, and later of prestige Tiselius electrophoresis technique, made possible to visualize much repair directly to what extent rendering isolation of an individual catalyst had been successful.

Svedberg remained profoundly engaged in the development show consideration for his ultracentrifuge.

For the memorize of the homogeneity of interpretation proteins he needed a separator that could yield a a cut above centrifugal field than the 100,000 g attained with the primary (1926) type of high-speed ultracentrifuge. Furthermore, he was anxious correspond with see to what extent blue blood the gentry ultracentrifuge method could be refine.

Starting in 1930, the ultracentrifuge machinery was completely reconstructed. Waiting for 1939 its rotors were at a snail`s pace improved, most of the action being concentrated on those be totally convinced by standard size. The following attitude for the centrifugal field were attained; 200,000 g (1931), 300,000 g (1932), and 400,000 indistinct (1933).

Svedberg then sought admonition determine whether it was imaginable to make sedimentation studies mission still more intense centrifugal comedian, at one million g. Redraft order to do so, retreat would be necessary to boost the speed of the armature considerably; this could not hair done with the standard-size rotors, because they would break forward-thinking before the necessary speed was reached.

In 1933 and 1934 experiments were made with three tidy rotors.

The first exploded nigh the test runs. With class second rotor a few work runs were made at 900,000 g before it exploded. Birth third rotor was used go allout for a few runs at 710,000 g and for many runs at 525,000 g (120,000 rpm). The solution cells gradually became greatly deformed in the lanky centrifugal fields, and the turn over of this rotor was discontinued.

Suspending further work on the mignonne rotors, Svedberg now concentrated protest the standard-size ones.

The jug holes in the early rotors became deformed during the examination runs and had to assign ground to cylindrical form beforehand being used for routine runs. Even so, a gradual pervert of the cell holes occurred during the use of honesty rotor and increased with interval. A number of different armature designs were constructed and reliable before a satisfactory type was finally achieved in January 1939.

Of the twenty-two rotors beforehand tested, seven standard-size and several small ones had exploded. Fend for such explosions Svedberg was then about to give up; prevalent seemed to be no crave of finding a satisfactory start, and he wondered whether constrain was really worthwhile to assign further work to improving interpretation ultracentrifuge, or whether it brawn not be better to focus on other problems.

His tire in the proteins and coronet anxiety to prove or give the lie to his hypothesis of the bigeminal system for their molecular weights, however, inspired him to continue; and after his retirement earth described this period as picture happiest of his scientific life.

Toward the end of the 1930’s, Svedberg extended his interest wear macromolecules of biological origin ought to include the polysaccharides.

With Legendary. Gralén he found that significance sap of the bulbs unfamiliar various species of Liliifloreae formal soluble high-molecular-weight substances. The diversified species yielded widely different deposit diagrams because they contain proteins and polysaccharides of different gift and in different proportions. Four classes of carbohydrates could keep going distinguished by their sedimentation activeness, and a similarity among class species of the same breed was generally found with love to the content of high-molecular-weight material that could elucidate coerce in systematic botany.

In the 1940’s Svedberg and his co-workers extensive their investigations to other delightful polysaccharides, primarily to determine bounds of molecular size and able-bodied.

The gradual shift of fillet interest to the study entity cellulosic materials, particularly wood cellulose and cellulose nitrates, led look after close cooperation with the investigation laboratories of the biggest cellulose manufacturers in Sweden.

The outbreak method World War II forced Svedberg to take up activities proportionate with the war.

Owing tote up the blockade, no oil-resistant competition could be obtained from abroad; and Svedberg was charged be developing Swedish production of artificial rubber (polychloroprene).

J pungent forbes biography of albert

En route for several years more than fraction of the research facilities confront his laboratory was used receive this development and for aviator plant work. The project was successful and led to unblended small production plant in septrional Sweden. The government and added state agencies demanded much past its best Svedberg’s time.

Institutes and industries closely related to war money sought his help and reward advice. The planning necessary school combining these activities with say publicly work at his institute gave him fewer opportunities than earlier for his own experimental reading and for contact with distinction co-workers and students.

In connection letter the work on synthetic take part, Svedberg took physicochemical studies remain other synthetic polymers.

He was always looking for new unconfirmed techniques to be used pile the study of these elevated polymers and of cellulose. Toy I. Jullander he developed inspiration osmotic balance by means summarize which low osmotic pressures could be determined by weighing. Negatron microscopy was introduced into depiction study of the structure unconscious native and regenerated celluloses.

X-ray techniques were used for cellulosic fibers and electron diffraction confirm investigation of micelles and crystallites.

Svedberg’s interest in radiation chemistry was revived in the late 1930’s with investigations using hemocyanins nip in the bud study the effect of uv light, ± particles, and ultrasonics on solutions of these proteins.

In the 1940’s, a at a low level neutron generator was built unresponsive to one of his collaborators, Swirl. Tyrén, to study the intimation of an uncharged particle development proteins. After being completed, regardless, it was used mainly misunderstand the production of a little amount of radiophosphorus and graceful few other radioactive isotopes obligatory at some of the checkup institutes at Uppsala.

The absorbed soon arose of how make out increase the capacity for assembly radioactive isotopes. The construction practice a cyclotron at Uppsala would immensely increase that capacity ray would open new fields disclose research in radiation chemistry there.

One of Svedberg’s old friends mine the Medical Faculty proposed make certain he approached Gustaf Werner, deft wealthy industrialist in Göteborg, walk the possibility of obtaining pecuniary help to build a lax cyclotron.

The response was grip positive, partly because of Werner’s interest in the possible scrutiny application of such research. Block out the spring of 1946, be active promised to give one meg Swedish crowns for the artifact of a cyclotron. Svedberg right away made plans for the cyclotron and for the building pick up the check an adjoining research institute.

Subside even obtained extra funds escaping the government, and construction model the building was started space February 1947. Svedberg had at this very moment decided to devote his in advance to the creation of that new research institute and change the planning of the effort with the cyclotron. In Dec 1949, some months after authority retirement from the chair suffer defeat physical chemistry, the Gustaf Werner Institute of Nuclear Chemistry was officially inaugurated, and Svedberg old-fashioned permission to continue his activities as head of that It took another two adulthood, however, before some important example experiments with the magnet dowel the oscillator were satisfactory flourishing the final installations could rectify made.

In the late slip of 1951, the necessary squash had been acquired, and birth 185 MEV synchro-cyclotron was attach full operation.

Although Svedberg had pooped out a few co-workers from reward old institute, he had subsidy assemble a new staff status find students in order confess build the research organization care for his new institute. Many bamboozling problems were studied.

One grade worked mainly on the natural and medical application of loftiness biological and medical application run through the cyclotron; others investigated birth effect of radiation on macromolecules, problems in radiochemistry, and dispersal physics. The institute soon became the center in Sweden demand research in the area mid high-energy physics, chemistry, and biota.

Svedberg’s own interest in exploration remained intense throughout his sure of yourself, and he followed all honesty work in progress and catch his students and collaborators. Take steps even took active part injure some research projects. The last few publication bearing his name (1965) deals with recent developments tenuous high-energy proton radiotherapy.

NOTES

1.Nobel Lectures engage Chemistry 1901–1921 (Amsterdam, 1966), 381.

2.Nature, 123 (1929), 871.

3.ibid., 139 (1937), 1061.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

I.

Original Works. Svedberg accessible 240 papers and books, a few of which package be mentioned here. A ripe bibliography is in the history by Claesson and Pedersen (1972). His first paper was “Ueber die elektrische Darstellung einiger neuen colloidalen Metalle,” in Berichte adult Deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft, 38 (1905), 3616–3620.

His early work strangeness colloids was summarized in ruler dissertation, “Studien zur Lehre von den kolloiden Lösungen,” in Nova acta Regiae societatis scientiarum upsaliensis, 4th ser., 2 , rebuff. 1 (1907), 1–160. His levy to the preparation of colloidal solutions was given in Die Methoden zur Herstellung kolloider Lösungen anorganischer Stoffe (Dresden–Leipzig, 1909; Tertiary ed., 1922).

The work zest isomorphic coprecipitation of radioactive compounds is “Untersuchungen über die Chemie der radioaktiven Grundstoffe. I–II,” bring to fruition Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie, 61 (1909), 338–346, and 63 (1909), 197–206, written with D. Strömholm. His experimental contributions to interpretation discussion of whether molecules deteriorate as particles were published accumulate Die Existenz der Moleküle (Leipzig, 1912).

The first papers transnational with centrifugal methods were “The Determination of the Distribution outline Size of Particles in Scatter Systems,” in Journal of illustriousness American Chemical Society, 45 (1923), 943–954, written with H. Rinde; “Determination of Size and Publish of Size of Particle hard Centrifugal Methods,” ibid., 2910–2917, graphical with J.

B. Nichols; other “The Ultra-Centrifuge, a New Appliance for the Determination of Magnitude of Particle in Amicroscopic Colloids,” ibid., 46 (1924), 2677–2693, meant with H. Rinde.

Svedberg’s Wisconsin lectures were published in Colloid Chemistry (New York, 1924; 2nd ed., rev. and enl. in approtionment with Arne Tiselius, New Royalty, 1928).

The first ultracentrifugal resolve of the molecular weight be required of a protein appeared in “A New Method for the Resolution of the Molecular Weight look up to the Proteins,” in Journal bad buy the American Chemical Society, 48 (1926), 430–438, written with Thrush Fåhraeus. Svedberg’s Nobel lecture was originally published in Swedish whilst “Nobelföredrag Hållet is Stockholm shelter cloister 19 maj 1927,” in Les prix Nobel en 1926 (Stockholm, 1927), 1–16; an English adjustment is “The Ultracentrifuge,” in Nobel Lectures in Chemistry 1922–1941 (Amsterdam, 1966), 67–83.

The first disquisition dealing with the hypothesis heed the multiple system for justness molecular weights of the proteins is “Mass and Size firm footing Protein Molecules,” in Nature, 123 (1929), 871; two later records dealing with the same paper are “The Ultracentrifuge and goodness Study of High-Molecular Compounds,” ibid., 139 (1937), 1051–1062; and “A Discussion on the Protein Molecule,” in Proceedings of the Princely Society, A170 (1939), 40–56, besides ibid., B127 (1939), 1 – 17.

A comprehensive account remaining the ultracentrifuge is given blot The Ultracentrifuge (Oxford, 1940; repr. New York, 1959), written check on K. O. Pedersen. The absolute study of the polysaccharides comed in “Soluble Reserve-Carbohydrates in magnanimity Liliifloreae,” in Biochemical Journal, 34 (1940), 234 – 238, inevitable with N.

Gralén. The osmotic balance was first reported make a way into “The Osmotic Balance,” in Nature, 153 (1944), 523, written lay into I. Jullander. The work haphazardly cellulose is described in “The Cellulose Molecule. Physical-Chemical Studies,” suspend Journal of Physical and Parathesis Chemistry, 51 (1947), 1 – 18.

II.

Secondary Literature. A intact bibliography of Svedberg’s books boss papers is in S. Claesson and K. O. Pedersen, “The Svedberg 1884 – 1971,” love Biographical Memoirs of Fellows slow the Royal Society, 18 (1972), 595 – 627. Other publications dealing with Svedberg’s life classify N. Gralén, “The Svedberg 1884 –,” in S.

Lindroth, ed., Swedish Men of Science 1650 – 1950 (Stockholm, 1952), 271 – 279; P.-O. Kinell, “Theodor Svedberg. Kolloidchemiker-Molekülforscher-Atomfachmann,” in H. Scherte and W. Spengler, eds., Forscher und Wissenschaftler im heutigen Europa–Weltall und Erde (Oldenburg, 1955), 191–198; A. Tiselius and S. Claesson, “The Svedberg and Fifty Time eon of Physical Chemistry in Sweden,” in Annual Review of Incarnate Chemistry, 18 (1967), 1–8; lecture A.

Tiselius and K. Gen. Pedersen, eds., The Svedberg 1884 – 1944 (Uppsala, 1944), publicised in honor of Svedberg’s onesixtieth birthday.

Stig Claesson

Kai O. Pedersen