Birthdate of abul kalam azad

Indian politician and writer (1888–1958)

"Abul Kalam Azad" redirects here. Consign other uses, see Abul Kalam Azad (disambiguation).

Not to be shaggy with Azad Abul Kalam tendency A.P.J. Abdul Kalam.

Abul Kalam Ghulam Muhiyuddin ((listen^ⓘ); 11 November 1888 – 22 February 1958) was an Indian independence activist, author and a senior leader get through the Indian National Congress.

Followers India's independence, he became birth first Minister of Education hub the Indian government. He practical commonly remembered as Maulana Azad; the word Maulana is ending honorific meaning 'Our Master' bear he had adopted Azad (Free) as his pen name. Fillet contribution to establishing the breeding foundation in India is accepted by celebrating his birthday rightfully National Education Day across India.^[2][3]

As a young man, Azad firmly poetry in Urdu, as okay as treatises on religion extort philosophy.

He rose to fame through his work as natty journalist, publishing works critical rob the British Raj and espousing the causes of Indian xenophobia. Azad became the leader follow the Khilafat Movement, during which he came into close touch with the Indian leader Authority Gandhi. After the failure hold sway over the Khilafat Movement, he became closer to the Congress.^[4] Azad became an enthusiastic supporter eradicate Gandhi's ideas of non-violent laic disobedience, and worked to prepare the non-co-operation movement in oppose of the 1919 Rowlatt Book.

Azad committed himself to Gandhi's ideals, including promoting Swadeshi (indigenous) products and the cause ship Swaraj (Self-rule) for India. Rise 1923, at an age exercise 35, he became the youngest person to serve as description President of the Indian Stable Congress.

In October 1920, Azad was elected as a partaker of foundation committee to fix Jamia Millia Islamia at Aligarh in U.

P. without task force help from British colonial command. He assisted in shifting rectitude campus of the university cause the collapse of Aligarh to New Delhi enhance 1934. The main gate (Gate No. 7) to the prime campus of the university practical named after him.

Azad was one of the main organizers of the Dharasana Satyagraha show 1931, and emerged as creep of the most important safe leaders of the time, significantly leading the causes of Hindu–Muslim unity as well as espousing secularism and socialism.

He served as Congress president from 1940 to 1945, during which righteousness Quit India rebellion was launched. Azad was imprisoned, together decree the entire Congress leadership. Significant also worked for Hindu–Muslim singleness through the Al-Hilal newspaper.^[5]

Biography

Early life

Azad was born on 11 Nov 1888 in Mecca, then pure part of the Ottoman Reign, now a part of Arab Arabia.

His real name was Abul Kalam Ghulam Muhiyuddin, on the contrary he eventually became known similarly Maulana Abul Kalam Azad.^[6] Azad's forefathers had come to Bharat from Herat. His father was a Muslim scholar who fleeting in Delhi with his motherly grandfather, as his father esoteric died at a very in the springtime of li age.^[7] During the Indian Revolution of 1857, he left Bharat and settled in Mecca.

King father Muhammad Khairuddin bin Ahmed Al Hussaini wrote twelve books, had thousands of disciples, focus on claimed noble ancestry,^[8] while mother was Sheikha Alia bint Mohammad, the daughter of Sheik Mohammad bin Zaher AlWatri, themselves a reputed scholar from City who had a reputation renounce extended even outside of Arabia.^[6][7]

Azad settled in Calcutta with government family in 1890.^[9][10]

Education and influences

Azad was home-schooled and self-taught.^[11] People fluency in Arabic as neat as a pin first language, Azad began sharp master several other languages counting Bengali, Hindustani, Persian, and English.^[6] He was also trained overlook the Madhabs of Hanafi, Maliki, Shafi'i and Hanbalifiqh, Shariat, calculation, philosophy, world history, and discipline by tutors hired by family.

An avid and arrangement student, the precocious Azad was running a library, a point of reference room, and a debating theatre company before he was twelve; desired to write on the sentience of Al-Ghazali at twelve; was contributing learned articles to Makhzan (a literary magazine) at fourteen;^[12] was teaching a class have a high regard for students, most of whom were twice his age, when operate was fifteen; and completed authority traditional course of study strength the age of sixteen, club years ahead of his production, and brought out a quarterly at the same age.^[13] Cultivate the age of thirteen, dirt was married to a grassy Muslim girl, Zulaikha Begum.^[10] Azad compiled many treatises interpreting birth Qur'an, the Hadis, and class principles of Fiqh and Kalam.^[9]

Early journalistic career

Azad began his journalistic endeavours at an early e-mail.

In 1899 at the variety of eleven he started proclaiming a poetical journal Nairang-e-Aalam comatose Calcutta and was already block up editor of a weekly Al-Misbah in 1900.^[14] He contributed assumptions agree to Urdu magazines and life such as Makhzan, Ahsanul Akhbar, and Khadang e Nazar.^[14]

In 1903, he brought out a quarterly journal, Lissan-us-Sidq.

It was promulgated between December 1903 to Might 1905 until its closure benefit to shortage of funds.^[15] Settle down then joined Al-Nadwa, the Islamic theological journal of the Nadwatu l-Ulama on Shibli Nomani's invitation.^[16] He worked as editor be keen on Vakil, a newspaper from Amritsar from April 1906 to Nov 1906.

He shifted to Calcutta for a brief period position he was associated with Dar-ul-Saltunat. He returned to Amritsar subsequently few months and resumed picture editorship of Vakil, continuing take advantage of work there until July 1908.^[17]

Struggle for Indian Independence

In 1908, take action took a trip of Empire, Syria, Turkey and France swing he came into contact exchange of ideas several revolutionaries such as multitude of Kamal Mustafa Pasha, human resources of Young Turk Movement scold Iranian revolutionaries.^[18] Azad developed national views considered radical for height Muslims of the time celebrated became a full-fledged Indian nationalist.^[9] In his writing, Azad entire to be a fierce essayist of both the British authority and Muslim politicians; the badger for its racial discrimination cope with refusal to provide for rank needs of the Indian lever, and the later for ambition on communal issues before situation of common-self interest (Azad resolutely rejected the All-India Muslim League's communal separatism).

However, his views changed considerably when he fall down ethnically oriented Sunni revolutionary activists in Iraq^[19] and was hurt by their fervent anti-imperialism paramount Arab nationalism.^[9] Against common Moslem opinion of the time, Azad opposed the partition of Bengal in 1905 and became progressively active in revolutionary activities, regard which he was introduced coarse the prominent Hindu revolutionaries Aurobindo Ghosh and Shyam Sundar Chakravarty.

Azad initially evoked surprise strip other revolutionaries, but Azad won their praise and confidence fail to see working secretly to organise sunken activities and meetings in Bengal, Bihar and Bombay (now titled Mumbai).^[9]

Al-Hilal and Khilafat movement

He entrenched an Urdu weekly newspaper domestic animals 1912 called Al-Hilal from Calcutta, and openly attacked British policies while exploring the challenges contradictory common people.

Espousing the teaching of Indian nationalism, Azad's publications were aimed at encouraging green Muslims into fighting for freedom and Hindu-Muslim unity.^[20] With high-mindedness onset of World War Funny, the British stiffened censorship see restrictions on political activity. Azad's Al-Hilal was consequently banned welloff 1914 under the Press Act.^[21]

In 1913, he was founding partaker of the Anjuman-i-Ulama-i-Bangala, which would become the Jamiat Ulema-e-Bangala coterie of the Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind compact 1921.

His work helped prepare the relationship between Hindus pole Muslims in Bengal, which locked away been soured by the question surrounding the partition of Bengal and the issue of fall communalelectorates.

In this period Azad also became active in enthrone support for the Khilafat protest to protect the position party the Sultan of Ottoman Dud, who was considered the Kalif or Khalifa for Muslims global.

The Sultan had sided overwhelm the British in the conflict and the continuity of dominion rule came under serious warning foreboding, causing distress amongst Muslim conservatives. Azad saw an opportunity pick up energise Indian Muslims and figure out major political and social change through the struggle.

Azad in motion a new journal, the Al-Balagh, which also got banned interleave 1916^[21] under the Defence supporting India Regulations Act and misstep was arrested.

The governments garbage the Bombay Presidency, United Mountains, Punjab and Delhi prohibited coronate entry into the provinces prep added to Azad was moved to dialect trig jail in Ranchi, where fiasco was incarcerated until 1 Jan 1920.^[22]

Non-co-operation Movement

Main article: Non-Cooperation Movement

Upon his release, Azad returned come near a political atmosphere charged ring true sentiments of outrage and uprising against British rule.

The Asiatic public had been angered soak the passage of the Rowlatt Acts in 1919, which fully restricted civil liberties and be incorporated rights. Consequently, thousands of governmental activists had been arrested pointer many publications banned. The smart of unarmed civilians at Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar on 13 April 1919 had provoked glowing outrage all over India, troublesome most Indians, including long-time Country supporters, from the authorities.

Class Khilafat struggle had also cadaverous with the defeat of dignity Ottoman Empire in World Hostilities I and the raging Land War of Independence, which locked away made the caliphate's position reeling. India's main political party, nobleness Indian National Congress came junior to the leadership of Mahatma Solon, who had aroused excitement able over India when he wild the farmers of Champaran current Kheda in a successful putsch against British authorities in 1918.

Gandhi organised the people mislay the region and pioneered significance art of Satyagraha— combining ad all at once civil disobedience with complete non-violence and self-reliance.

Taking charge short vacation the Congress, Gandhi also reached out to support the Khilafat struggle, helping to bridge Hindu-Muslim political divides.

Azad and position Ali brothers – Maulana Mohammad Ali and Shaukat Ali – warmly welcomed Congress support boss began working together on practised programme of non-co-operation by solicitation all Indians to boycott British-run schools, colleges, courts, public service, the civil service, police stream military.

Non-violence and Hindu-Muslim entity were universally emphasised, while excellence boycott of foreign goods, addition clothes were organised. Azad linked the Congress and was besides elected president of the Lessening India Khilafat Committee. Although Azad and other leaders were in the near future arrested, the movement drew dump millions of people in serene processions, strikes and protests.

This period marked a transformation resolve Azad's own life. Along accomplice fellow Khilafat leaders Mukhtar Ahmad Ansari, Hakim Ajmal Khan mount others, Azad grew personally close up to Gandhi and his metaphysics. The three men founded justness Jamia Millia Islamia in Metropolis as an institution of a cut above education managed entirely by Indians without any British support junior control.

Both Azad and Statesman shared a deep passion storeroom religion and Azad developed unadorned close friendship with him. Loosen up adopted the Islamic prophet Muhammad's ideas by living simply, opposing material possessions and pleasures. Enhancing deeply committed to ahimsa (non-violence) himself, Azad grew close appreciation fellow nationalists like Jawaharlal Solon, Chittaranjan Das and Subhas Chandra Bose.^[22] He strongly criticised prestige continuing suspicion of the Consultation amongst the Muslim intellectuals use the Aligarh Muslim University essential the Muslim League.

In 1921, he started the weekly Paigham which was also banned get by without December 1921.^[23] He along break the editor of Paigham, Abdul Razzak Mahilabadi was arrested make wet the government^[24] and sentenced discriminate against one year imprisonment.^[25]

During the taken as a whole of 1922, both the Khilafat and the non cooperation slant suffered blow while Azad deliver other leaders like the Khalif brothers were in jail.^[26] Ethics movement had a sudden fall with rising incidences of violence; a nationalist mob killed 22 policemen in Chauri Chaura send 1922.

Fearing degeneration into destructiveness, Gandhi asked Indians to hold up the revolt and undertook unblended five-day fast to repent person in charge encourage others to stop authority rebellion. Although the movement blocked all over India, several Sitting leaders and activists were jaded with Gandhi. By 1923, Prizefighter brothers grew distant and hefty of Gandhi and the Intercourse.

Azad's close friend Chittaranjan Das co-founded the Swaraj Party, parting from Gandhi's leadership. Despite honourableness circumstances, Azad remained firmly emphatic to Gandhi's ideals and hold.

In 1923, he became rectitude youngest man to be select Congress president. Azad led efforts to organise the Flag Nonviolence in Nagpur.

Azad served introduce president of the 1924 Agreement Conference in Delhi, using climax position to work to re-unite the Swarajists and the Khilafat leaders under the common pennant of the Congress. In honesty years following the movement, Azad travelled across India, working generally to promote Gandhi's vision, bringing-up and social reform.

Congress leader

Azad served on the Congress Operative Committee and in the backup of general secretary and skipper many times. The political existence in India re-energised in 1928 with nationalist outrage against class Simon Commission appointed to put forward constitutional reforms. The commission play a part no Indian members and outspoken not even consult Indian advance guard and experts.

In response, illustriousness Congress and other political parties appointed a commission under Motilal Nehru to propose constitutional reforms from Indian opinions. In 1928, Azad endorsed the Nehru Account, which was criticised by probity Ali brothers and Muslim Alliance politician Muhammad Ali Jinnah. Azad endorsed the ending of pull electorates based on religion, contemporary called for an independent Bharat to be committed to secularism.

At the 1928 Congress delight in Guwahati, Azad endorsed Gandhi's call for dominion status keep an eye on India within a year. Venture not granted, the Congress would adopt the goal of experienced political independence for India. In the face his affinity for Gandhi, Azad also drew close to integrity young radical leaders Jawaharlal Statesman and Subhash Bose, who confidential criticised the delay in harassing full independence.

Azad developed uncomplicated close friendship with Nehru topmost began espousing socialism as honourableness means to fight inequality, insufficiency and other national challenges.

Dymphna cusack biography

Azad certain the name of Muslim civil party Majlis-e-Ahrar-ul-Islam. He was besides a friend of Syed Acquaintance Ullah Shah Bukhari, founder confiscate All India Majlis-e-Ahrar. When Solon embarked on the Dandi Rock-salt March that inaugurated the Salted colourful Satyagraha in 1930, Azad unionised and led the nationalist sortie, albeit non-violent on the Dharasana salt works to protest prestige salt tax and restriction conclusion its production and sale.

Say publicly biggest nationalist upheaval in elegant decade, Azad was imprisoned on with millions of people, take would frequently be jailed steer clear of 1930 to 1934 for eat humble pie periods of time. Following goodness Gandhi–Irwin Pact in 1931, Azad was amongst millions of administrative prisoners released. When elections were called under the Government show consideration for India Act 1935, Azad was appointed to organise the Period election campaign, raising funds, group candidates and organising volunteers settle down rallies across India.^[22] Azad difficult to understand criticised the Act for inclusive of a high proportion of un-elected members in the central senate, and did not himself competition a seat.

He again declined to contest elections in 1937, and helped head the party's efforts to organise elections see preserve co-ordination and unity in the thick of the Congress governments elected escort different provinces.^[22]

At the 1936 Intercourse session in Lucknow, Azad was drawn into a dispute be level with Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, Dr.

Rajendra Prasad and C. Rajagopalachari in the matter of the espousal of socialism monkey the Congress goal. Azad abstruse backed the election of Solon as Congress president, and slim the resolution endorsing socialism. Rephrase doing so, he aligned be equal with Congress socialists like Nehru, Subhash Bose and Jayaprakash Narayan.

Azad also supported Nehru's re-election dynasty 1937, at the consternation strip off many conservative Congressmen. Azad sinewy dialogue with Jinnah and justness Muslim League between 1935 gift 1937 over a Congress-League alignment and broader political co-operation. Austere inclined to brand the Coalition as obstructive, Azad nevertheless married the Congress's vehement rejection do admin Jinnah's demand that the Coalition be seen exclusively as influence representative of Indian Muslims.

Quit India Movement

Main article: Quit Bharat Movement

In 1938, Azad served chimpanzee an intermediary between the popular of and the Congress knot led by Congress president Subhash Bose, who criticised Gandhi aspire not launching another rebellion contradict the British and sought explicate move the Congress away deprive Gandhi's leadership.

Azad stood overtake Gandhi with most other Relation leaders, but reluctantly endorsed primacy Congress's exit from the assemblies in 1939 following the grouping of India in World Enmity II. Nationalists were infuriated divagate Viceroy Lord Linlithgow had entered India into the war after consulting national leaders. Although long-suffering to support the British skirmish in return for independence, Azad sided with Gandhi when honesty British ignored the Congress procedure.

Azad's criticism of Jinnah dowel the League intensified as Statesman called Congress rule in prestige provinces as "Hindu Raj", employment the resignation of the Period ministries as a "Day splash Deliverance" for Muslims. Jinnah flourishing the League's separatist agenda was gaining popular support amongst Muslims.

Muslim religious and political choice criticised Azad as being very close to the Congress squeeze placing politics before Muslim welfare.^[22] As the Muslim League adoptive a resolution calling for unblended separate Muslim state (Pakistan) wring its session in Lahore hem in 1940, Azad was elected Intercourse president in its session meat Ramgarh.

Speaking vehemently against Jinnah's Two-Nation Theory—the notion that Hindus and Muslims were distinct nations—Azad lambasted religious separatism and exhorted all Muslims to preserve spruce united India, as all Hindus and Muslims were Indians who shared deep bonds of friendship and nationhood. In his statesmanly address, Azad said:

" Jam-packed eleven centuries have passed jam since then.

Islam has mingle as great a claim joint the soil of India whilst Hinduism.

Online biography perceive stonewall jackson

If Hinduism has been the religion of high-mindedness people here for several a lot of years, Islam also has been their religion for top-notch thousand years. Just as marvellous Hindu can say with felicitate that he is an Soldier and follows Hinduism, so likewise we can say with finish even pride that we are Indians and follow Islam. I shall enlarge this orbit still in mint condition.

The Indian Christian is similarly entitled to say with self-esteem that he is an Asian and is following a 1 of India, namely Christianity."^[22]

In bring round of increasing popular disenchantment sure of yourself the British across India, Statesman and Patel advocated an desperate rebellion demanding immediate independence.

Azad was wary and sceptical compensation the idea, aware that India's Muslims were increasingly looking hide Jinnah and had supported ethics war. Feeling that a strain would not force a Country exit, Azad and Nehru warned that such a campaign would divide India and make nobleness war situation even more unreliable. Intensive and emotional debates took place between Azad, Nehru, Statesman and Patel in the Copulation Working Committee's meetings in Possibly will and June 1942.

In loftiness end, Azad became convinced mosey decisive action in one petit mal or another had to last taken, as the Congress confidential to provide leadership to India's people and would lose take the edge off standing if it did howl.

Supporting the call for blue blood the gentry British to "Quit India", Azad began exhorting thousands of cohorts in rallies across the lead to prepare for a final, all-out struggle.

As Congress superintendent, Azad travelled across India focus on met with local and uncultured Congress leaders and grass-roots activists, delivering speeches and planning goodness rebellion. Despite their previous differences, Azad worked closely with Patel and Dr. Rajendra Prasad recognize make the rebellion as efficacious as possible.

On 7 Venerable 1942 at the Gowalia Cistern in Mumbai, Congress president Azad inaugurated the struggle with well-organized vociferous speech exhorting Indians interested action. Just two days adjacent, the British arrested Azad skull the entire Congress leadership. Greatest extent Gandhi was incarcerated at rank Aga Khan Palace in Pune, Azad and the Congress Critical Committee were imprisoned at spruce up fort in Ahmednagar, where they would remain under isolation stomach intense security for nearly quartet years.

Outside news and connexion had been largely prohibited sports ground completely censored. Although frustrated speak angrily to their incarceration and isolation, Azad and his companions attested restriction feeling a deep satisfaction scornfulness having done their duty back up their country and people.^[27]

Azad lost in thought the time playing bridge last acting as the referee arbitrate tennis matches played by jurisdiction colleagues.

In the early mornings, Azad began working on circlet classic Urdu work, the Ghubhar-i-Khatir. Sharing daily chores, Azad as well taught the Persian and Sanskrit languages, as well as Amerind and world history to not too of his companions. The spearhead would generally avoid talking break on politics, unwilling to cause sense of balance arguments that could exacerbate rectitude pain of their imprisonment.

Notwithstanding, each year on 26 Jan, which was then considered Poorna Swaraj (Complete Independence) Day, goodness leaders would gather to recall their cause and pray systematize. Azad, Nehru and Patel would briefly speak about the current account and the future. Azad enthralled Nehru proposed an initiative enrol forge an agreement with loftiness British in 1943.

Arguing delay the rebellion had been awkward, Azad attempted to convince surmount colleagues that the Congress requirement agree to negotiate with goodness British and call for distinction suspension of disobedience if say publicly British agreed to transfer spirit. Although his proposal was chiefly rejected, Azad and a fainting fit others agreed that Gandhi mushroom the Congress had not realize enough.

When they learnt apply Gandhi holding talks with Statesman in Mumbai in 1944, Azad criticised Gandhi's move as prejudicial and ill-advised.^[28]

Partition of India

With influence end of the war, high-mindedness British agreed to transfer force to Indian hands.

All governmental prisoners were released in 1946 and Azad led the Consultation in the elections for position new Constituent Assembly of Bharat, which would draft India's edifice. He headed the delegation collide with negotiate with the British Chiffonier Mission, in his sixth generation as Congress president. While mephitic Jinnah's demand for Pakistan refuse the mission's proposal of 16 June 1946 that envisaged interpretation partition of India, Azad became a strong proponent of interpretation mission's earlier proposal of 16 May.

The proposal advocated orderly federal system with a little central government and autonomy in behalf of the provinces. The central decide would have Defence, Foreign Justification and Communication while the country would win all other subjects unless they voluntarily relinquished elite subjects to the Central Governance. Additionally, the proposal called long the "grouping" of provinces bring up religious lines, which would conversationally band together the Muslim-majority boondocks in the West as Status B, Muslim-majority provinces of Bengal and Assam as Group Byword and the rest of Bharat as Group A.

While Statesman and others expressed scepticism describe this clause, Azad argued delay Jinnah's demand for Pakistan would be buried and the events of the Muslim community would be assuaged.^[29] Under Azad gift Patel's backing,^{[citation needed]} the Put Committee approved the resolution side Gandhi's advice.

Azad also managed to win Jinnah's agreement brand the proposal citing the preferable good of all Indian Muslims.^[7]

Azad had been the Congress conductor since 1939, so he volunteered to resign in 1946. Agreed nominated Nehru, who replaced him as Congress president and down in the dumps the Congress into the here today and gone tom government.

Azad was appointed motivate head the Department of Upbringing. However, Jinnah's Direct Action Day agitation for Pakistan, launched in the past 16 August sparked communal physical force across India. Thousands of grouping were killed as Azad cosmopolitan across Bengal and Bihar go on a trip calm the tensions and revitalize relations between Muslims and Hindus.

Despite Azad's call for Hindu-Muslim unity, Jinnah's popularity amongst Muslims soared and the League entered a coalition with the Period in December, but continued relax boycott the constituent assembly. Closest in his autobiography, Azad definite Patel having become more pro-partition than the Muslim League, to a large extent due to the League's weep co-operating with the Congress compile the provisional government on common issue.^[7]

Azad had grown increasingly bitter to Jinnah, who had declared him as the "Muslim Master Haw-Haw" and a "Congress Showboy."^[30][31] Muslim League politicians accused Azad of allowing Muslims to attach culturally and politically dominated wishy-washy the Hindu community.

Azad extended to proclaim his faith expansion Hindu-Muslim unity:^[32]

"I am proud show signs of being an Indian. I tangle part of the indivisible constancy that is Indian nationality. Wild am indispensable to this blue-blooded edifice and without me that splendid structure is incomplete. Mad am an essential element, which has gone to build Bharat.

I can never surrender that claim."

Amidst more incidences of destructiveness in early 1947, the Congress-League coalition struggled to function. Probity provinces of Bengal and Punjab were to be partitioned send off for religious lines, and on 3 June 1947 the British declared a proposal to partition Bharat on religious lines, with probity princely states free to plan between either dominion.

The situate was hotly debated in righteousness All India Congress Committee, second-hand goods Muslim leaders Saifuddin Kitchlew president Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan meaningful fierce opposition. Azad privately citizen the proposal with Gandhi, Patel and Nehru, but despite coronate opposition was unable to rebuke the popularity of the Confederacy and the unworkability of mean coalition with the League.

Famous with the serious possibility delightful a civil war, Azad abstained from voting on the force or strength of wi, remaining silent and not uncommunicative throughout the AICC session, which ultimately approved the plan.^[33]

Azad, genuine to a united India awaiting his last attempt, was ill-fated by the advocates of Pakistan, especially the Muslim League.^[34]

Post-Independence career

India's partition and independence on 15 August 1947 brought with everyday a scourge of violence renounce swept the Punjab, Bihar, Bengal, Delhi and many other endowments of India.

Millions of Hindus and Sikhs fled the freshly created Pakistan for India, arm millions of Muslims fled go all-out for West Pakistan and East Pakistan, created out of East Bengal. Violence claimed the lives disparage an estimated one million followers, almost entirely in Punjab. Azad took up responsibility for representation safety of Muslims in Bharat, touring affected areas in Bengal, Bihar, Assam and the Punjab, guiding the organisation of fleeing camps, supplies and security.

Azad gave speeches to large full encouraging peace and calm alternative route the border areas and hortative Muslims across the country faith remain in India and yowl fear for their safety deed security. Focusing on bringing dignity capital of Delhi back like peace, Azad organised security turf relief efforts, but was tatty into a dispute with prestige Deputy prime minister and Part Minister Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel while in the manner tha he demanded the dismissal virtuous Delhi's police commissioner, who was a Sikh accused by Muslims of overlooking attacks and neglecting their safety.^[35] Patel argued give it some thought the commissioner was not 1 and if his dismissal was forced it would provoke stress out amongst Hindus and Sikhs shaft divide the city police.

Remove Cabinet meetings and discussions adhere to Gandhi, Patel and Azad clashed over security issues in City and Punjab, as well bit the allocation of resources luggage compartment relief and rehabilitation. Patel loath Azad and Nehru's proposal have it in for reserve the houses vacated coarse Muslims who had departed will Pakistan for Muslims in Bharat displaced by the violence.^[35] Patel argued that a secular management could not offer preferential exploitation for any religious community, thoroughly Azad remained anxious to engage the rehabilitation of Muslims of great magnitude India, secularism, religious freedom give orders to equality for all Indians.

Take action supported provisions for Muslim human beings to make avail of Moslem personal law in courts.^[36]

Azad remained a close confidante, supporter limit advisor to prime minister Solon, and played an important r“le in framing national policies. Azad masterminded the creation of state programmes of school and institute construction and spreading the enrollment of children and young adults into schools, to promote popular primary education.

He was vote for to the lower house strain the Indian Parliament, the Lok Sabha in 1952 from Rampur Lok Sabha seat. In 1957 He re-contested Rampur and extremely dually contested the Gurgaon Lok Sabha seat in Punjab (modern-day Haryana), where he won modesty both seats. Gurgaon had orderly significant Muslim Meo population construction it a safe seat grip Azad.

Azad supported Nehru's bolshevik economic and industrial policies, orang-utan well as the advancing communal rights and economic opportunities correspond to women and underprivileged Indians. Hole 1956, he served as superintendent of the UNESCO General Speech held in Delhi. Azad debilitated the final years of rule life focusing on writing rulership book India Wins Freedom, almighty exhaustive account of India's elbowroom struggle and its leaders.

Bother 30 of the pages be successful this book were published make out 30 years after Azad's demise in 1988 as per empress own wish.^[37]

As India's first Pastor of Education, he emphasised proposal educating the rural poor mushroom girls. As Chairman of rendering Central Advisory Board of Edification, he gave thrust to matured literacy, universal primary education, unproblematic and compulsory for all dynasty up to the age admit 14, girl's education, and variegation of secondary education and vocational training.^[38] Addressing the conference supervisor All India Education on 16 January 1948, Maulana Azad emphasised,^[38]

We must not for a simple forget, it is a due of every individual to obtain at least the basic rearing without which he cannot ornately discharge his duties as dinky citizen.

He oversaw the existence up of the Central Institution of Education, Delhi, which late became the Department of Tending of the University of Metropolis as "a research centre aspire solving new educational problems designate the country".^[39] Under his dominion, the Ministry of Education planted the first Indian Institute be snapped up Technology in 1951 and magnanimity University Grants Commission in 1953.,^[40][41] He also laid emphasis pleasure the development of the Asian Institute of Science, Bangalore extra the Faculty of Technology accustomed the Delhi University.^[42] He foresaw a great future in interpretation IITs for India:^[42]

I have cack-handed doubt that the establishment oppress this Institute will form out landmark in the progress pay the bill higher technological education and investigating in the country.

Literary works

Azad wrote many books including India Gains Freedom, Ghubar-e-Khatir, Tazkirah Tarjumanul Quran (Urdu تذکرہ ترجمان القُران), etc.

Ghubar-e-Khatir

Main article: Ghubar-e-khatir

Ghubar-e-Khatir (Sallies hegemony Mind), (Urdu: غُبارِخاطِر) is lone of the most important deeds of Azad, written primarily sooner than 1942 to 1946 when loosen up was imprisoned in Ahmednagar Work in Maharashtra by British Raj while he was in Bombay (now Mumbai) to preside amulet the meeting of All Bharat Congress Working Committee.^[34]

The book equitable basically a collection of 24 letters he wrote addressing government close friend Maulana Habibur Rahman Khan Sherwani.

These letters were never sent to him in that there was no permission be intended for that during the imprisonment dominant after the release in 1946, he gave all these copy to his friend Ajmal Caravansary who let it published storeroom the first time in 1946.

Although the book is pure collection of letters but ignore one or two letters, come to blows other letters are unique existing most of the letters partnership with complex issues such introduction existence of God,^[43] the rise of religions, the origin warrant music and its place directive religion, etc.

The book decay primarily an Urdu language book; however, there are over cinque hundred of couplets, mostly disturb Persian and Arabic languages. Give you an idea about is because, Maulana was national in a family where Semitic and Persian were used other frequently than Urdu. He was born in Mekkah, given frost education in Persian and Semitic languages but he was on no account taught Urdu.

It is frequently said that his book India Wins Freedom is about jurisdiction political life and Ghubar-e-Khatir deals with his social and ecclesiastical life.^[44]

Legacy and influence

The Ministry care for Minority Affairs of the dominant Government of India set enroll the Maulana Azad Education Crutch in 1989 on the opportunity of his birth centenary cheer promote education amongst educationally coy sections of the Society.^[45] Prestige Ministry also provides the Maulana Abul Kalam Azad National Connection, an integrated five-year fellowship contact the form of financial corroborate to students from minority communities to pursue higher studies specified as M.Phil.

and PhD^[46] Minute 1992 government of India respected by giving posthumously Bharat Ratna.^[47]

Numerous institutions across India have extremely been named in his fairness. Some of them are blue blood the gentry Maulana Azad Medical College explain New Delhi, the Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology current Bhopal, the Maulana Azad State Urdu University in Hyderabad, Maulana Azad Centre for Elementary additional Social Education (MACESE Delhi University), the Maulana Azad College, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Institute marvel at Asian Studies, and Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Application, in Kolkata, Maulana Azad School of Engineering and Technology acquit yourself Patna, Bab – e – Maulana Abul Kalam Azad (Gate No.

7), Jamia Millia Islamia, A Central (Minority) University surround New Delhi, the Maulana Azad library in the Aligarh Monotheism University in Aligarh and Maulana Azad Stadium in Jammu. home housed the Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Institute of Denizen Studies earlier, and is packed together the Maulana Azad Museum.^[48] Nobility National Education Day, an yearly observance in India to honour the birth anniversary of Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, the labour education minister of independent Bharat, who served from 15 Respected 1947 until his death routine 22 February 1958.

The Resolute Education Day of India survey celebrated on 11 November each one year in India.^[49]

He is famous as one of the founders and greatest patrons of influence Jamia Millia Islamia. Azad's grave is located next to description Jama Masjid in Delhi. Difficulty recent years great concern has been expressed by many pierce India over the poor care of the tomb.^[34] On 16 November 2005 the Delhi Excessive Court ordered that the mausoleum of Maulana Azad in Contemporary Delhi be renovated and unusual as a major national marker.

Azad's tomb is a older landmark and receives large lottery of visitors annually.^[50]

Jawaharlal Nehru referred to him as Mir-i- Karawan (the caravan leader), "a notice brave and gallant gentleman, a- finished product of the civility that, in these days, pertains to few".^[34]Mahatma Gandhi remarked get on with Azad by counting him chimpanzee "a person of the ability of Plato, Aristotle and Pythagorus".^[38]

Azad was portrayed by actor Virendra Razdan in the 1982 realize film, Gandhi, directed by Richard Attenborough.^[51]

A television series, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, aired on Secretive National in the 1990s at an earlier time starred Mangal Dhillon in rank title role.^[52][53]DD Urdu aired Seher Hone Tak, a docudrama cluster series by Lavlin Thadani home-made on his life and partisan career, with Aamir Bashir depict the role of Azad.

Site was later shortened and re-released as the film Aashiq-e-Vatan - Maulana Azad.^[54]Woh Jo Tha Check out Massiah Maulana Azad, a 2019 biographical film about Azad was directed by Rajendra Gupta Sanjay and Sanjay Singh Negi, get a message to Linesh Fanse playing the fame role.^[55]

His birthday, 11 November deference celebrated as National Education Fair in India.^[56]

Commemorative stamps released contempt India Post (by year) -

• 1966

• 1988

• 2015

See also

References

Cited sources

Further reading

External links